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經典演講:奧運難民隊 有一個馬丁路德的夢



2016里約奧運,史上首支難民代表隊光榮踏入會場。他們向全世界證明,沒有人該為種族、國籍、宗教、特定成員身分或政治見解,而遭受戰火摧殘、飢餓受凍、生命危險。奧運旗幟團結了所有人,儘管說不同語言、來自不同國家,選手在奧運的每一個踏步、每一滴汗水,都是為平等起跑、競賽而作的努力,都是《我有一個夢》鏗鏘有力的動人複踏:我們共享的人性價值觀,終將強於那些想分裂我們的勢力。

以下擷取五個精采演講段落:

【PART 1. 走吧!向國家兌現我們的幸福】
In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

從某種意義上說,我們來到國家的首都是為了兌現一張支票。我們的開國元首在擬寫憲法和獨立宣言的輝煌篇章時,簽署了一張每一個美國人都能繼承的支票。向所有人承諾--不論白人還是黑人--都享有不可讓渡的生存權、自由權和追求幸福權。

【PART 2. 非法手段,解不了靈魂對自由的渴】
But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold, which leads into the palace of justice.
In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.

We must ever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline.
We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.

The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom.

但是,我必須提醒大家,我們今天站在通往公正殿堂的門檻上,這道門檻曾被千千萬萬人踏過。
爭取合法地位的過程中,記得不要錯誤行事導致犯法,不以仇恨辛酸的苦酒解對自由的渴。
我們必須以最高層次的品德,紀律嚴明地抗爭。
富有創造性的示威運動不該淪為暴力行動,我們必須一次又一次的,將靈魂力量昇華到能夠對付肉體暴力的崇高境界。
這場席卷黑人社會、奇跡般的新戰鬥精神,不應導致我們對所有白人的不信任--因為許多白人兄弟已經認識到:他們的命運同我們的命運緊密相連,他們的自由同我們的自由休戚與共。今天出席集會的白人們,就是最佳證明。

【PART 3. 正義落實前我們永不妥協】
We cannot walk alone. And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back.

There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality.

We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.

我們不能單獨行動,當我們行動時,我們勇往直前,誓不後退。

有人問民權運動的熱血份子:「你們何時才會滿意?」
只要黑人依然犧牲在警察難以言喻的暴行恐怖下,我們就決不會滿意。
只要我們在旅途勞頓後,卻被公路旁的遊客旅社和城市旅館拒之門外,我們就決不會滿意。
只要黑人的基本活動範圍只限於從黑人居住區,我們就決不會滿意。
只要我們的孩子被「僅供白人」的牌子剝奪個性、損毀尊嚴,我們就決不會滿意。
只要密西西比州的黑人不能參加選舉,紐約州的黑人認為他們與選舉毫不相干,我們就決不會滿意。
不,不,我們不會滿意,直至公正似水奔流,正義如泉噴湧。

【PART 4. 再艱難也要努力再困苦也會值得】
I am not unmindful that
some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations.
Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells.
Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecutions and staggered by the winds of police brutality.

You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.

我知道,
有些人歷盡艱難困苦才來到這裡;
有些人剛剛走出狹小的牢房;
有些人為了追求自由而遭受風暴般的襲擊,或是警察暴虐的摧殘。
你們飽經風霜,歷盡苦難。繼續努力吧,要相信:無辜受苦最後都能回歸止息。

【PART 5. 我有一個夢】
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal.
我有一個夢,這個國家將會奮起,實現其立國信條的真諦:「我們認為這些真理不言而喻,人人生而平等。」

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
我有一個夢,在喬治亞州的紅色山崗上,昔日奴隸的兒子能同昔日奴隸主的兒子同席而坐,親如手足。

I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
我有一個夢,甚至連密西西比州--一個被冤屈跟壓迫籠罩的荒漠之州,也會改造成為自由和公正的青青綠洲。

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!
我有一個夢,我的四個孩子將生活在一個不是以皮膚顏色,而是以品格優劣作為評判標准的國家裡。我今天懷有一個夢。

I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right down in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today!
我有一個夢,阿拉巴馬州會有所改變--儘管有許多惡毒的種族主義者、該州州長滔滔不絕地說要干預、對抗聯邦法令--有一天,黑人兒童能夠和白人兒童將如兄弟姐妹般地攜手並行。我今天懷有一個夢。

I have a dream that one day
every valley shall be exalted, and
every hill and mountain shall be made low,
the rough places will be made plain, and
the crooked places will be made straight, and
the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.
我有一個夢。有一天,深谷彌合、高山夷平、險峻化作平坦、曲徑拉成筆直,重現造物者的光華,普天下生靈共謁。

This is our hope. This is the faith that I will go back to the South with.
With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.
With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.
With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.

這是我們的希望。這是我將帶回南方去的信念。
有了這個信念,我們能從絕望之山開採出希望之石。
有了這個信念,我們能把這個國家嘈雜刺耳的爭吵聲,變為充滿手足之情的悅耳交響曲。
有了這個信念,我們就能一同工作,一同祈禱,一同鬥爭,一同入獄,一同維護自由,我們知道,我們終將獲得自由。

And this will be the day, this will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning, "My country 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring!" And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.

這一天,造物者的孩子們都能以新含義高唱這首歌:「我的祖國,溫暖的自由之邦,我為您歌唱。這是我祖先終老的地方,這是早期移民自豪的地方,讓自由之聲,響徹每一座山崗!」如果美國要成為偉大的國家,這一點必須實現。

【演講為什麼動人?架構解密】
STEP 1. 開場的「支票」是什麼?
解密:cash a check,向政府要求兌現人權支票。強調是政府欠了人民,人民有權要政府兌現。此句有穩定題旨、鋪陳、連貫後文的作用。

STEP 2. 神奇數字3
解密:英文中,有Magic Of Three之說,常用於寫作或公開演說,用3個段落/論述說明目標,不但可以創造有力的節奏感、也可以幫助聽者/讀者迅速抓到全文框架。I have a dream演講中,馬丁路德說爭取自由的「手段」需要符合正義,主題從「個人行為」、「靈魂層次」、到「群體精神層次」,用了三個not相似句:

1. We must not be guilty of wrongful deeds…
不要錯誤行事導致犯法

2. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence…we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.
富有創造性的示威運動該淪為暴力行動

3. The marvelous new militancy must not lead us to a distrust of all white people...
這場新運動,不應導致我們對所有白人的不信任

STEP 3. 為什麼要問「When will you be satisfied」?
解密:大膽勾起聽眾內心「最常且最害怕」被質問的問題。當演講者站在聽眾角度面對質疑,接連3次激昂宣示「We can never be satisfied(我們絕不會滿意)」,剔除聽眾的動搖跟困惑,能讓演講更人性、更有說服力。

STEP 4. 演講走向高潮,如何在單向溝通的演講中獲得共鳴?
解密:細膩的觀察與同理心,說出最貼近聽眾的關鍵字。
Trials and tribulation(試驗與磨難), jail cells(牢房), persecutions and brutality(迫害與暴行)

STEP 5. 為什麼要重複I have a dream?
每句話以相同字起始的技巧,為寫作/演講中常見的「首語重複法(Anaphora)」,能夠擴大、並延續前段引起的共鳴。馬丁路德最後更加入歌謠激勵聽眾,把偉大的夢說得平實,讓人覺得是不久的未來。

 【馬丁其實不叫路德?--改名背後的精神】
馬丁路德剛出生的時候,其實叫邁克爾·金(Martin Michael King)。1934年全家到德國旅行,身為牧師的父親為了表示對德國宗教改革領袖馬丁‧路德的尊崇,將父子兩人的名字都改為馬丁‧路德,兒子改名為小馬丁‧路德‧金(Martin Luther King, Jr.)。

【相關電影】
美國歷史劇情片《逐夢大道》是去年(2015)上映的電影,取材自馬丁路德真人真事。電影的原片名英文《Selma》指的是當時備受歧視的黑人區塞爾瑪,也指涉歷史事件塞爾瑪蒙哥瑪利遊行(Selma to Montgomery marches)。這部電影獲得奧斯卡金像獎最佳原創歌曲獎、最佳影片提名,並得到美國知名影評網爛番茄(Rotten Tomato) 100%好評。

本文收錄於英語島English Island 2016年8月號
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